A B S T R A C T The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Both library AND field methods have collected the information required for this research. The statistical population of the research consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht AND Zeytoun RESIDENTIAL complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, AND the sample size according to the Cochran formula was 364. The study results of the studied RESIDENTIAL complexes from the perspective of spatial connectivity indicators indicated that among the investigated complexes, Rahan RESIDENTIAL complex had the lowest connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes, AND the highest share of this comparison goes to Kasra RESIDENTIAL complex. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of SPACES AND accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access AND communication in Kasra complex is lower. Moreover, Rezvan has been suitable AND successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public SPACES occurs with increase of sociability. Among the other results of this research, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient among the investigated components. In the first place, the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, the multi-purpose component with a path coefficient of 231 0.0 in the third place, the security component with a path coefficient of 0.162 is in the fourth place AND the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place with a path coefficient of 0.153 Extended Abstract Introduction In the public space of neighborhoods AND RESIDENTIAL environments, the issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public SPACES can boost the social life of citizens by strengthening social interactions AND being involved in social sustainability. The RESIDENTIAL environment conveys the residents a sense of well-being AND satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each RESIDENTIAL complex, according to the different arrangements of the blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of the public space in it, which, according to the way they are arranged, have different potentials from the point of view of sociability in them. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people AND reduces the sense of belonging to a place, security, AND other issues caused by not paying attention to the quality of collective life in housing. The main question is: - What are the components of the spatial structure affecting the sociability of RESIDENTIAL complexes in the city of Kermanshah?   Methodology The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library AND field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht AND Zeytoun RESIDENTIAL complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, AND the sample size was estimated to be 364 people using the Cochran formula. Factors such as the ease of access to the complexes, the willingness AND cooperation of the residents AND the management of the complexes were also influential in selecting the samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate the sociability of RESIDENTIAL complexes based on the   theoretical framework prepared in the present research, the physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection AND depth" in each of The studied samples have been evaluated AND analyzed in public SPACES including the playground, gathering space, parking lot, AND lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software AND structural equation modeling software to analyze the data.   Results AND discussion In this research, the relation of sociability of public SPACES of RESIDENTIAL complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra RESIDENTIAL complex, Azadi RESIDENTIAL complex, Rezvan RESIDENTIAL complex, Rahan RESIDENTIAL complex, Hasht Behesht RESIDENTIAL complex AND Zeytoun RESIDENTIAL complex as the basis of the research case. Among the samples studied, Rahan RESIDENTIAL complex has the lowest connectivity index compared to other complexes; the largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra RESIDENTIAL complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun RESIDENTIAL complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht AND Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public SPACES of Rahan RESIDENTIAL complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the SPACES will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of the SPACES AND accesses in the Rahan complex is very weak AND lower than the rest of the complexes. According to the numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex AND following that Kasra AND Rezvan complexes are at the same level of performance, AND Azadi AND Hasht Behesht complexes have the best performance in this aspect; the placement of access AND communications in Kasra AND Rezvan complexes has been appropriate AND successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public SPACES occurs with the increase of sociability. Among the investigated sociability components, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient. In the first place the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, AND the multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In the third place, the security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in the fourth place, AND the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in the common SPACES of RESIDENTIAL complexes allows one to be with others comfortably AND effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near the door for a short time, AND even sometimes look out of the window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the condition of the studied RESIDENTIAL complexes from the perspective of sociability. The results showed that Rahan RESIDENTIAL complex had the lowest level of connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes AND the largest share of this. The comparison reaches Kasra RESIDENTIAL complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun RESIDENTIAL complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht AND Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public SPACES of Rahan RESIDENTIAL complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the SPACES will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of SPACES AND accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access AND communication in Kasra complex is lower. AND Rezvan has been suitable AND successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public SPACES occurs with the increase of sociability. Extended Abstract Introduction In the public space of neighborhoods AND RESIDENTIAL environments, the issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public SPACES can boost the social life of citizens by strengthening social interactions AND being involved in social sustainability. The RESIDENTIAL environment conveys the residents a sense of well-being AND satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each RESIDENTIAL complex, according to the different arrangements of the blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of the public space in it, which, according to the way they are arranged, have different potentials from the point of view of sociability in them. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people AND reduces the sense of belonging to a place, security, AND other issues caused by not paying attention to the quality of collective life in housing. The main question is: - What are the components of the spatial structure affecting the sociability of RESIDENTIAL complexes in the city of Kermanshah?   Methodology The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library AND field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht AND Zeytoun RESIDENTIAL complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, AND the sample size was estimated to be 364 people using the Cochran formula. Factors such as the ease of access to the complexes, the willingness AND cooperation of the residents AND the management of the complexes were also influential in selecting the samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate the sociability of RESIDENTIAL complexes based on the theoretical framework prepared in the present research, the physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection AND depth" in each of The studied samples have been evaluated AND analyzed in public SPACES including the playground, gathering space, parking lot, AND lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software AND structural equation modeling software to analyze the data.   Results AND discussion In this research, the relation of sociability of public SPACES of RESIDENTIAL complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra RESIDENTIAL complex, Azadi RESIDENTIAL complex, Rezvan RESIDENTIAL complex, Rahan RESIDENTIAL complex, Hasht Behesht RESIDENTIAL complex AND Zeytoun RESIDENTIAL complex as the basis of the research case. Among the samples studied, Rahan RESIDENTIAL complex has the lowest connectivity index compared to other complexes; the largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra RESIDENTIAL complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun RESIDENTIAL complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht AND Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public SPACES of Rahan RESIDENTIAL complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the SPACES will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of the SPACES AND accesses in the Rahan complex is very weak AND lower than the rest of the complexes. According to the numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex AND following that Kasra AND Rezvan complexes are at the same level of performance, AND Azadi AND Hasht Behesht complexes have the best performance in this aspect; the placement of access AND communications in Kasra AND Rezvan complexes has been appropriate AND successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public SPACES occurs with the increase of sociability. Among the investigated sociability components, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient. In the first place the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, AND the multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In the third place, the security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in the fourth place, AND the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in the common SPACES of RESIDENTIAL complexes allows one to be with others comfortably AND effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near the door for a short time, AND even sometimes look out of the window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the condition of the studied RESIDENTIAL complexes from the perspective of sociability. The results showed that Rahan RESIDENTIAL complex had the lowest level of connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes AND the largest share of this. The comparison reaches Kasra RESIDENTIAL complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun RESIDENTIAL complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht AND Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public SPACES of Rahan RESIDENTIAL complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the SPACES will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of SPACES AND accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access AND communication in Kasra complex is lower. AND Rezvan has been suitable AND successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public SPACES occurs with the increase of sociability.

Different Monuments from the Sassanid period have been identified; most of which are known as “Palace”. The main purpose of current article is to identify the quality of life in the Sassanid court AND understAND the architecture of such life-style. Getting this, the maps of existing palaces have analyzed from one hAND, AND the historical documents have investigated from the other hAND. The analysis method is historical- interpretative AND adaptive analysis of the architecture decoration. The main questions are on the influence of the religious AND official ceremonies on the Sassanid architecture, identifying their domestic sections, quality of life inside Places, AND understAND the main features AND decoration of architecture of palaces AND Manor Houses. Aiming to get that, the religious ceremony of Sassanians has analyzed firstly to know the relation in between given issues. Then, will have a glance on the domestic sections to know a bit about the daily life AND common people. Having better AND more correct understAND of the features of the Sassanid architecture, we need to know the quality of the previous architectures, so the architecture of some palaces backed to Achamenid AND Parthian era have studied AND compared AND the results prepared as a chart. Finally, at the main part of the article, some Sassanid monuments with high possibility of being palace have studied aiming to recognize their main architectural characteristics AND then compare them together. At the end, it is cleared that the main characteristic to understAND the palaces are asymmetric geometric structure, division of interior AND exterior sections, frequency spatial diversity, special praying rooms AND the special role of Eyvan in the spatial organization of the complex. Moreover, the important result of current research is the identification of 3 types of function in the Sassanid palaces, showing the CEREMONIAL, Private AND Religious life.

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A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of RESIDENTIAL complexes in Gorgan AND to identify the impact of social capital AND its dimensions on the concept of housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive AND survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the RESIDENTIAL complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample AND were selected AND studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method AND its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of social capital (α = 0.879) AND housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between social capital AND its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. housing sustainability variable AND its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between social capital AND the concept of housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this model can be useful for other urban areas of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source AND destination of all human life; AND man leaves it for work AND social activity, AND after doing it AND gaining experience, he returns home. Therefore, the category of housing is a broad AND complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services AND facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, housing planning requires in-depth studies in various social, cultural AND historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, social, indigenous AND cultural values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown AND are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in housing architecture, especially social housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life AND habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension AND consequently a small increase in the construction AND architecture of RESIDENTIAL complexes AND other dimensions of sustainable development, including social, cultural, physical AND The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate housing, as housing that has the least incompatibility with the natural environment around it AND in a wider area with the region AND the world; it creates problems for the city AND its residents. Meanwhile, RESIDENTIAL complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination AND compatibility with other aspects of sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of sustainable development AND the need to create AND expAND social capital for human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research AND the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. The statistical population of the study includes all RESIDENTIAL complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster rANDom sampling method is used. So that the statistical population is divided into clusters AND homogeneous groups AND then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, RESIDENTIAL complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the formal validation method (referring to professors AND specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results AND discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the social capital index is not desirable. The average of social capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of social capital of the residents of RESIDENTIAL complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of RESIDENTIAL complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between housing sustainability AND social capital. AND the order of the effect of social capital variable on the dimensions of economic, social, physical AND environmental sustainability. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression model is a good model in which independent variables are well able to explain the changes of the dependent variable. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the social interaction variable is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all model variables remains constant, an increase in the independent social interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent variable (housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of formal participation has the first place in determining the sustainability of housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the RESIDENTIAL home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is housing AND its sustainable development, which is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of sustainable housing AND the provision of adequate housing for the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography AND customs are influential in housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of social factors or in other words social capital cannot be ignored; Because social capital is rooted in the structure AND social norms of society AND is generally a combination of trust, communication network, social norms AND social relations at the individual AND community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the social capital of residents AND the sustainability of RESIDENTIAL complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent variable are affected by the social capital variable. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in RESIDENTIAL complexes, can provide the stability of the RESIDENTIAL complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective AND reciprocal relationship with each other, the stability of the RESIDENTIAL complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene AND cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green AND ... will interact AND participate with each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization AND writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Urban SPACES in the past were the places where people used to meet, gather AND communicate according to their traditions (celebrations, feasts, religious ceremonies, etc.). The urban environment was the place for satisfying social demANDs, while the family satisfied the natural requirements. In other words, the urban environment was the cultural AND the family was the natural territory of man. Contemporary urban open SPACES are mainly designed for cars, however. They are not only incapable of meeting the social demANDs, but also ignore cultural traditions AND interrupt social relationships. Thus the outward appearance of urban open SPACES have the major role for transportation AND the role of people who are supposed to use urban open space as socio- cultural environments has been thoroughly ignored. Furthermore the buildings exterior which plays the key role in the legibility of the urban space is often designed with no relation to this space. To solve the problems caused by this approach, planners try to create open urban SPACES with different functions. They try to create legible SPACES through design of building exteriors on the basis of cognition, association, AND recognition processes. Inspired by traditional fabrics which correspond to cultural requirements, they therefore recommend design of building exteriors in accordance with current living conditions. Thus cultural factors particular to a certain society will make a combination of open AND closed SPACES which will inevitably correspond to the physical, environmental AND psychological requirements of that society. Instead of inappropriate copying of forms, this approach combines the physical attributes of SPACES with the cultural needs of society, which will lead to a unique character, a particular identity, AND a uniform coherent whole that conforms to its natural environment.

A B S T R A C TSatisfaction is considered one of the effective methods for evaluating the success of urban development plans AND projects, AND it is a tool to measure which type of housing AND RESIDENTIAL environment meets the needs, expectations, AND aspirations of residents. This article aims to compare Amiriyeh AND Pay-eToop neighborhoods in Bojnord city in terms of residents' satisfaction with living in these neighborhoods. Using a questionnaire, the data was obtained by a survey from 229 heads of sample households living in Bojnoord city. The residents' satisfaction is analyzed by 26 indicators set as home AND neighborhood indices. The data is entered into SPSS software to run the One Sample T-Test AND calculate statistical parameters. Also, the data is entered in Arc GIS in accordance with the UTM coordinates of the responder's locations to provide a GIS point layer to use zoning maps to be drawn. RESIDENTIAL satisfaction is lower than average AND slightly higher in Pay-eToop than in Amiriyeh. Also, the average score of the indicators that are set as home indices is lower than those for neighborhood indices. The zoning maps indicate that most parts of the neighborhoods show an average level of satisfaction with housing, AND the maps of different indicators are not much different from each other. The role of physical indicators in low satisfaction is much more significant than social indicators. To improve satisfaction, paying attention to the neighborhood regeneration AND improving the housing quality is necessaryExtended AbstractIntroductionSatisfactory housing is one of the most valuable aspects of life AND one of the main elements of people's living stANDards. The higher the level of satisfaction with a place, the more people will feel a sense of belonging to that place AND feel more relaxed about being there. The feeling of satisfaction from a place can cause the positive effects of the place in the process of relationships in which the environment is being formed AND carried out. On the one hAND, satisfaction measurement is considered one of the effective methods of evaluating the success of urban programs AND plans. On the other hAND, it is a tool to measure which type of housing AND RESIDENTIAL environment currently meets its residents' needs, expectations, AND aspirations. MethodologyThe residents' satisfaction is analyzed by 26 indicators set as home AND neighborhood indices. A questionnaire gathers the data. Household heads in the studied neighborhoods (Amirieh AND Pay-e Toop) are rANDomly selected as 229 sample people. The sample people evaluate the items in the questionnaire in a 5-range of the Likert scale from very high to very low. The qualified range was then changed to quantified scores from 5 to 1. Afterward, they were entered into SPSS software to run the One Sample T-Test AND calculate other statistical parameters. The address of each respondent is included in the questionnaires, AND based on the address, the UTM coordinates of the respondent are determined using Google Earth. Then, the information from the questionnaires is entered into the GIS according to the coordinates to provide a GIS point layer for drawing zoning maps. Results AND discussionThe score of 2.75, which is the average figure of the evaluation scores for all the indicators of both neighborhoods, indicates that RESIDENTIAL satisfaction is lower than the assumed average score (3). The average scores are 2.90 AND 2.57 for Pay-e Toop AND Amirieh neighborhoods, respectively, AND they indicate that the RESIDENTIAL satisfaction in the first is slightly higher than the other. Pay-e Toop is the oldest neighborhood in Bojnoord, which accommodates the traditional complex of shops (Bazar) AND essential physical elements of historical eras, such as the city's citadel. In addition to the high proportion of immigrants, it also includes deep-rooted AND native families that have strong social relationships. Also, the average score for the neighborhood indices is slightly higher than for the home indices. The average figure for all 26 indicators is lower than the assumed average score (3) AND indicates a lower RESIDENTIAL satisfaction. Five indicators with the higher satisfaction score are as follows: relationship with neighbors, living in the ancestral neighborhood, the situation of streets AND ways, living with relatives, AND the quality of wastewater disposal. On the contrary, lower satisfaction scores belong to the indicators of access to shopping centers, healthcare service centers, the size of homes, AND access to public transportation, respectively. Despite the fame of the gardens of Bojnord in previous centuries, in recent decades, most of the gardens disappeared, especially in the city's central business district, which corresponds to the two studied neighborhoods; there is a small area of lAND covered by parks AND green SPACES. Green SPACES are mainly the small green strips on the edge or in the middle of the streets. For Amiriye AND Pay-e Toop neighborhoods, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the respondents' education levels AND their scores of RESIDENTIAL satisfaction are -0.36 AND -0.23, respectively. It implies that RESIDENTIAL satisfaction has an inverse relationship with education. Also, the correlation coefficient between the residence length in the neighborhood AND RESIDENTIAL satisfaction scores are +.001 AND -0.29, respectively (for Amirieh AND Pay-e Toop neighborhoods). It also indicates no relation for the first neighborhood AND an inverse relation for the other.The zoning map of all the indicators shows that in more than 90% of the neighborhood area, the level of satisfaction is in the medium range. In Amirieh, the parts with low satisfaction are scattered. It can be said that the northeastern edge of the Amirieh neighborhood AND the southwestern edge of the Pay-e Toop neighborhood have lower satisfaction. ConclusionThe role of physical indicators in low satisfaction is much more significant than social indicators. The physical components of the neighborhoods caused a low level of satisfaction. On the contrary, higher satisfaction is revealed from the socio-cultural components. Households prefer the quality of services more than the availability of services. In medium-sized cities such as Bojnoord, neighborhood relations, closeness to relatives, AND living in neighborhoods where the ancestors lived are still decisive in creating RESIDENTIAL satisfaction. To improve life satisfaction, paying attention to housing quality AND the regeneration of both neighborhoods is necessary. Also, improvement, retrofitting, enhancing the quality of the building, AND improving the quality of urban services, especially healthcare services, public transportation, AND commercial services, should be considered. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization AND writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Sea shells are natural-biological objects. They are embedded in geological layers in the form of fossils, but also, to find in archaeological deposits as a result of human activities. Archaeologists can use the provenance of shells in the functional analysis of ancient sites in terms of social archeology AND prehistoric trading activities. Aarcheological excavations in several sites of the Iranian Plateau have shown that from the 3rd third millennium B.C. onwards, finds of of sea shells (e.g. Lambis, Dentalium, etc.) rapidely increased. Such shells were for instance discovered from RITUAL cemetery contexts such as Shahdad, Tepe Hesar, Kale Nisar cemeteries or Bani Surma. These objects are mainly used as natural or polished shells. In some cases, they served as a raw material for making all kinds of beads, buttons, AND other ornamental objects.. The main question is to understAND the relationship between the use of seashells AND archaeological context, AND also, their role in Bronze Age RITUAL life. In this article, the descriptive, analytical method has been used in the biological recognition of all types of shells. This method is also used based on similar studies on this issue in Mesopotamia's archeology of the Sumerian-Akkadian period. The distribution of recognizable species shows that these objects are concentrated in the settlements from south to southeast of Iran in the coastal strip of the Persian Gulf, AND from the Oman Sea to the Zagros intermountain valleys, as well as in the northwest AND northeast of Iran. The biological origin can be placed in the northern shores of the Oman Sea to the Gulf of Kutch on the northern coast of the Indian Ocean. It seems that with the growth AND development of urbanization in Southwest Asia AND especially the development of sea trade, oysters have been traded as valuable goods AND other prestige goods. The importance of the shell findings is more than the value of the shells themselves because they were used as sacred goods in religious affairs. Analysis of the fields where the shells were discovered is more related to cemeteries AND temples as sacred SPACES. Also, the significant presence of Lambis shells for the production of specific RITUAL bowls, placed together with bronze axes in graves, can be seen as the reflection of a patriarchic tradition in the social-political organisiation of the third AND second millennia B.C. Despite many excavations AND the discovery of many samples of these types of shells, no furthergoing investigation on these specific objects was undertaken so far. This desideratum reveals more valuable findings in the archeology of the Iranian plateau. Therefore, one of this article's final goals is to focus more on analyzing the context of the discovery of seashells in future Excavation

This research examines the functioning of shared SPACES in RESIDENTIAL complexes. For this purpose, some 50 RESIDENTIAL complexes were rANDomly selected from the list of registered RESIDENTIAL complexes. These complexes were all located within the city, occupied AND managed by an elected board. Some of these complexes were above eight stories with the ground floor reserved for parking. Key factors were measured for these complexes such as area AND use; capacity, frequency AND time of use; as well as number of stories. The correlation between these factors was then calculated. As a result, meaningful correlations were found between these factors. For example, it was shown that use of shared SPACES corresponds to the area of these SPACES. Therefore, in complexes with taller buildings, these SPACES were used more frequently AND for longer periods.

Urban design is a multidisciplinary field, consisting of both science AND art. The physical aspect together with the non-physical aspects related to human - like meaning AND function - along with the presence of human beings, make a successful AND dynamic place to be used by people in a good way. Undoubtedly, culture as a response of a society to its requirements AND a means to ensure the quality of life, is one of the most important factors that can help designers in creating an appropriate plan. Every ethnic group use specified rhythms, proportions AND scale in its cultural products. As every ethnic group is accustomed to a specific kind of music, in terms of psychological aspects, it will make a more comfortable relationship with the rhythms in its own music style. If an urban designer extracts urban design principles out of the rhythm in the music AND RITUAL rhythmic frolic of a specified ethnic group, he or she could apply them in the design process of urban SPACES to create much more beloved SPACES for the related ethnic group. This article first studies Iranian ethnic groups (Kurds, Lures (Bakhtiaries), AND Turks are three selected ethnic groups discussed in this article) 1 music AND traditional frolic via collecting data both with observation AND descriptive methods, extracts the hidden regularizing principles. Then analyze the regularizing principles. After that, through an in-depth interview of the target groups, elaborates these principles AND finally proposes an innovative framework for designing urban SPACES of these mentioned Iranian ethnic groups. Finally it is concluded that the potential of artistic indigenous values such as folk music AND RITUAL rhythmic frolic would increase the quality of their urban design.

RITUAL actions may be observed in both sacred AND profane realms of social life. In both cases, the symbolic quality of the action is a unique feature of RITUAL activities. The first point illustrates the principle that the symbolic nature of RITUAL action is an essential element of this type of action: RITUALs allow people to develop their thoughts AND ideas AND transfer them to one another, which serves as the basis for their formation. In the data collection stage, this report has utilized documentary AND library studies, AND in the later stages, the deductive reasoning method was employed. Finally, through the investigations AND analyses, it can be concluded that the traditional RITUAL content retains its place. It has been influenced by other factors such as television, bedroom, fire, or fireplace (as seen in Lloyd Wright's designs), AND in terms of structure, there has been no change in this fixed AND stable existence of RITUAL within the home. The research method in this article is based on qualitative methods AND logical reasoning.